Galactic supernova! Astronomers capture the moment a star 500 million light years from Earth explodes at the end of its life

• Astronomers detected the supernova looking at images from 2014 and 2021
• They found it was a type II supernova, which leaves part of itself behind such as a black hole or a neutron star, as well as a cloud of stellar debris
• Named SN2021afdx, it sits in the bottom left of the unusual Cartwheel Galaxy 
• These fleeting objects can be tough to observe and require global cooperation 

Astronomers have captured the moment a star, 500 million light years from Earth, exploded in a dramatic supernova, marking the end of its life.

A type II supernova explosion happens when a very large star can no longer fuse atoms within its core, causing it to explode, shedding off its outer layers.

The supernova, named SN2021afdx, happened in the unusually shaped Cartwheel Galaxy, which sits in the Sculptor constellation.

Astronomers captured the image in December 2021 using the European Southern Observatory’s New Technology Telescope (NTT) in Chile.

They then compared the image to one of the same galaxy, taken using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in August 2014 – before the supernova explosion occurred.

A new, bright light can be seen in the lower left hand side of the new image, that isn’t visible in the 2014 picture. 

Astronomers have captured the moment a star, 500 million light years from Earth, exploded in a dramatic supernova, marking the end of its life. The left hand image was from 2014 before the explosion, and on the right is from 2021, with the explosion in the bottom right

Light from an exploding star can be visible for months or even years after the event, although, despite being spotted in December 2021, the actual supernova explosion occurred 500 million years ago – it has taken that long for the light to reach Earth.

It is situated within the Cartwheel galaxy, which was once a normal spiral galaxy that underwent a head-on interaction with a smaller companion galaxy several million years ago, giving it its signature cartwheel appearance.  

SN2021afdx was a type II supernova, which occurs when a massive star reaches the end of its evolution and leaves behind a black hole or neutron star. 

Supernovae are one of the reasons astronomers say we are all made of stardust, because they leave the space around them full of heavy elements. These elements form into a young star, which may later lead to generations of new stars and planets. 

The supernova, named SN2021afdx, happened in the unusually shaped Cartwheel Galaxy, which sits in the Sculptor constellation

Detecting and studying these unpredictable events requires international collaboration, across multiple telescopes.

These observations need to happen of many years – to detect differences in the night sky – as, while visible for months, they can also be fleeting. 

The first time SN2021afdx was spotted was in November 2021 by the ATLAS survey.

ATLAS is an asteroid impact early warning system developed by the University of Hawaii and funded by NASA. 

It consists of four telescopes, with two in Hawaii, one in Chile, and the fourth in South Africa. They each automatically scan the whole sky several times every night looking for moving objects. They can be used to spot supernova.

After ATLAS found the supernova, the European Southern Observatory pointed ePESSTO+ at the object, this is the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects, designed to study fleeting events like a supernova.

Not only did it take the beautiful image of the galaxy, and supernova – in the bottom left corner of the structure – but also captured spectra. This spectra can be used by astronomers to identify that it was a type II supernova.    

The Cartwheel Galaxy, which plays host to this new supernova event, is both a lenticular and ring galaxy – estimated to be 150,000 light-years in diameter.

It is a major part of the Cartwheel galaxy group, with four spiral galaxies – three companions and the Cartwheel galaxy itself.  

SUPERNOVAE OCCUR WHEN A GIANT STAR EXPLODES

A supernova occurs when a star explodes, shooting debris and particles into space.

A supernova burns for only a short period of time, but it can tell scientists a lot about how the universe began.

One kind of supernova has shown scientists that we live in an expanding universe, one that is growing at an ever increasing rate.

Scientists have also determined that supernovas play a key role in distributing elements throughout the universe.

In 1987, astronomers spotted a ‘titanic supernova’ in a nearby galaxy blazing with the power of over 100 million suns (pictured)

There are two known types of supernova.

The first type occurs in binary star systems when one of the two stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star.

Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter, causing the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.

The second type of supernova occurs at the end of a single star’s lifetime.

As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core.

Eventually, the core is so heavy it can’t stand its own gravitational force and the core collapses, resulting in another giant explosion. 

Many elements found on Earth are made in the core of stars and these elements travel on to form new stars, planets and everything else in the universe.

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